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Directions (1-5):|~| Study the following information to answer the given questions.

Eight People-K, L, M, N, O, P, Q and R are seated in a straight line facing North but not necessarily in the same order,

L sits third from the left end of the line. Only three people sit between L and R,

O sits to the immediate left of Q. Only one person sits between M and Q.

P sits third to the left of N. L is not an immediate neighbour of K.
 


1. What is the position of Q with respect to P??


2. Which of the following pairs represents persons seated at the two extreme ends of the line?


3. How many persons are seated between M and R ?


4. Who amongst the following sits exactly between L and O?


5. If each of the persons is made to sit In alphabetical order from left to right the positions of how man will remain unchanged as compared to the original seating arrangement?


Directions (6-7) :|~| Read the following information carefully and answer the questions. B is the father of W and T. R is the son of W. R is the only brother of C. M is the mother of C. M is the daughter-in-law of Z. Z has only one daughter and only one son.


6. Which of the following is definitely true based upon the given relationships?


7. Which of the following is/are required to establish that C is the daughter of M?


Directions (8-12): |~|Study the given information and answer the questions.
When a word and number arrangement machine is given an input line of words and numbers. It arranges them following a particular rule. The following is an illustration of input and rearrangement: (All the numbers are two-digit numbers)

Input: 24 method 87 67 of data 34 collection 45 12 specified now
Step I: 12 method 87 67 of data 34 collection 45 specified now 24
Step ll: 34 12 method 87 67 of data collection specified now 24 45
Step III:67 34 12 method of data collection specified now 24 45 87
Step IV: collection 67 34 12 method of specified now 24 45 87 data now
Step V: method collection 67 34 12 of specified 24 45 87 data now
Step VI: of method collection 67 34 12 24 45 87 data now specified
Step VI is the last step of the above arrangement as the intended arrangement is obtained.

As per the rules followed in the given steps, find out the appropriate steps for the given input.
lnput: chemical 88 11 reaction 87 is 21 hard to 53 92 detect.


8. In which step are the elements 'to 92 detect 21' found in the same order?


9. What is the position of '21' from the right end in the last step?


10. Which of the words/numbers below would be at the fifth position (from the right end) in step V of the input?


11. Which element is fifth to the left of the element which is ninth from the left end of the fourth step?


12. Which element is exactly between 'chemical' and '87' in the second step of the given arrangement?


Directions (13-17) :|~|Study the given information carefully to answer the given questions. M, N. O, P, Q, R, S and T are sitting around a circular table facing the centre with equal distances between each other [but not necessarily in the same order). Each of them also belongs to a different field of work -Author, Designer, Doctor, Engineer, Journalist, Policeman, Singer and Teacher (but not necessarily in the same order).

Q sits second to the left of the Singer. Only two people sit between S and the Singer. Only one person sits between Q and the Designer. N sits second to the left of the Designer. P is neither an immediate neighbour of N nor Q. P is not a singer. T is an immediate neighbour of P. The Doctor sits second to the right of T. Only three people sit between the Doctor and the Engineer. R sits second to the left of the Engineer. T is not a Journalist. The Journalist is neither an immediate neighbour of S nor T. O sits to the immediate left of the Journalist. The Teacher sits to the immediate right of the Author.


13. Who sits exactly between N and the one sitting to the immediate right of M, when counted from the right of M ?


14. Which of the following statements is TRUE as per the given arrangement?


15. Who amongst the following is a designer?


16. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way, and so form a group. Which one of the following does not belong to that group?


17. What does R work as ?


18. This questions consists of an information and two statements numbered l and ll given below it. You have to decide which of the given statements weaken/s or strengthen/s the information and decide the appropriate answer.
Information : According to a report naval ship 'AquaEmp' met with the fatal accident owing to
the fact that it was ageing and nearly two decades old.

Statements:
I. The accident took place when the seaman at the artillery section accidently misfired the missile hitting certain crucial engine machinery
II. Average age of all ships, battleships or cargo ships, is 30-35 years, before which these can be operated safely,


Directions (19-23 ):|~| In these questions. two/three statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and ll have been given. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

Give answer :
(a) If neither conclusion l nor II is true.
(b) If either conclusion I or ll is true.
(c) if only conclusion ll is true.
(d) If both conclusion l and it are true.
(e) if only conclusion I is true.


19. Statements : Some rooms are stores. All stores are godowns. All godowns are warehouses.
Conclusions : I. All rooms are godowns. ll. All stores are warehouses.


20. Statements : Some room are stores. All stores are godowns. All godowns are warehouses.
Conclusions : I. All warehouses being rooms is a possibility.
II. Atleast some godowns are rooms.


21. Statements : All kittens are cubs. No kitten is a puppy.
Conclusions : I. All Puppies being cubs is a possibility. II. All cubs are kittens.


22. Statements : No sea is a Iake. Some lakes are rivers. All rivers are oceans.
Conclusions : I. No sea is a river. II. All oceans are lakes.


23. Statements : No sea is a lake. Some lakes are rivers. All rivers are oceans.
Conclusions : I. Atleast some oceans are lakes. II. All rivers are lakes.


Directions (24-28) : |~|In these questions, relationship between different elements is shown in the  statements. The statements are followed by conclusions. Study the conclusions based on the given statements and

Give answer :
(a) If neither conclusion I nor Il is true.
(b) If either conclusion I or II is true.
(c) If only conclusion II is true.
(d) If both conclusion I and II are true.
(e) If only conclusion l is true.


24. Statements :\( B > E \ge A < L \);
\( T \ge A > S\)
Conclusions : I.\( T \ge B \)
II. L > T


25. Statements: \( L = I \ge N < E; N \ge S \)
Conclusions : I. S < E II. E > L


26. Statemenls: \( V < E > B = H \ge N; B \le T \)
Conclusions : I. T > V
 II.\( N \le T \)


27. Statements:\( L = I \ge N < E; N \ge S \)
Conclusions: I. S = L
ll. L > S


28. Statements : \( B > E \ge A < L; T \ge A > S \)
Conclusions : I. B > S II. L > S


29. This question consists of a statement and two assumptions numbered I and II given below it.
An assumption is something which is not directly given but can be assumed from the given information. You have to find out which of the given assumptions, numbered I and II are implicit in the given statement.
Statement : Exercising does not necessarily mean gymnasium with high technology machines. After all people living in villages are well maintained and are hardly overweight.
I. Gymnasiums are not very readily available or used in villages.
II. People living in villages do not believe in the use of high technology gymnasiums.


30. Read the given information and answer the question.
"Although the State Government has been funding College XYZ for the past 10 years, it has decided not to do so this year?"-Local news report.
Which of the following may NOT be a reason for the decision of the government to discontinue the funding of the said college this year ?


31. In a 120 litre of mixture of milk and water, water is only 25%. The milkman sold 20 litre of this mixture and then he added 16.2 litre of pure milk and 3.8 litre of pure water in the remaining mixture. What is the percentage of water in the final mixture?


32. What is the salary of C, in a group of A, B, C, D and E whose average salary is Rs.48,250/-?
l. C's salary is 1.5 times B's salary. ll. Average salary of A and B is Rs.23,500/-.


33. What is the volume of the cylinder \( \left(in m^{3}\right) \)?
l. The sum of height and radius of the cylinder is 24m. The surface area of the cylinder is 2112 sqm
ll. LCM and HCF of the numerical values of the radius and height of the cylinder are 70 and 2 respectively. The square of numerical values of the radius of the cylinder is 96 more than the square of the numerical value of the height of the cylinder.


34. What is the two digit number?
l. The difference between the two digits of the number is 9.
ll. The product of the two digits of the number is 0.


35. What is the total number of girls in the classroom?
l. The marked price of the table is 40% above the cost price of the table. Two consecutive discounts were given while selling the table.
ll. The average weight of girls in the classroom is 4 kg less than the average weight of boys in the classroom. The average weight of all the students (both boys and girls) in the classroom is 44.25 kg.


36. What is the marked price of the table which was sold at a discounted price?
l. The marked price of the table is 40% above the cost price of the table. Two consecutive discounts were given while selling the table.
ll. The table was sold for Rs.239.40/-. The percentage of discount given for second time while selling the table is double the percentage of discount given for the first time while selling the table.


37. The speed of boat A is 2 km/h less than the speed of the boat B. The time taken by boat A to travel a distance of 20 km downstream is 30 min more than time taken by B to travel the same distance downstream. If the speed of the current is 1/3rd of the speed of the boat A, what is the speed of boat B?


38. A and B started a business by investing Rs.18,000/- and Rs.24,000/- respectively. At the end of 4th month from the start of the business, C joins with Rs.15,000/-. At the end of 8th month B quits at which time C invests Rs.3000/- more. At the end of 10th month B rejoins with the same investment. If profit at the end of the year is Rs.12,005/-, what is B's share of profit?


Directions(39 - 43): Study the following table and answer the questions carefully.
 

Course  

Total number of students who

have enrolled for the course

Percentage of studnets who have 

enrolled for the given courses from 

different colleges

    P Q R S
c++   2000 26 20 19 35
Java   2400 27 30 25 18
Linux   1500 32 20 25 23
SQL   1800 24 32 28 16
Coco SD   2800 21 20 21 38

39. What is the difference between the total number of students who have enrolled for course on C++ and SQL together from college S and the total number of students who have enrolled for the same courses together from college R?


40. The total number of students who have enrolled for the course on Coco SD from colleges P and R together is what percent more than the total number of students who have enrolled for the same course from college S?


41. What is the respective ratio between the total number of students who have enrolled for course on Java and SQL together from college P and the total number of students who have enrolled for the same courses together from college S?


42. Out of the total number of students who have enrolled for C++. 60% were able to pass the exam. If the respective ratio between the number of students from Colleges P, Q, R and S who were able to pass the exam for C++ was 3 : 4 : 2 : 3, what is the number of students who were able to pass the exam for C++ from college Q?


43. Out of the total number of students who have enrolled for course on Linux, 42% are females. If out of the total number of female students, who have enrolled for course on Linux, 20% are from college Q, how many male students from college Q have enrolled for the same course ?


Directions [44-48]: What approximate value will come in place of question mark (?) in the given questions? (You are not expected to calculate the exact value)


44. \( 1810 / 24.05 \times 7.95 +11.02 \times 18.88 = ? - 306 \)


45. \( 2775 \times 160/ \sqrt{?} = 5550 \)


46. \( 24.98^{2} \times 16.02^{2} \div \left(7.98 \times 15.04\right) \times 38.93 = 130 \times ?^{2} \)


47. \( 71.98\% of 1200 + 35.06\% of 270 = ?\% of 600 \)


48. \( 7702 \div 43.96 + 25.11 \times 45.88 = ? \times 15 \)


49. A rectangular plot has a concrete path running in the middle of the plot parallel to the breadth of the plot. The rest of the plot is used as a lawn, which has an area of 240 sq. m. If the width of the path is 3m and the length of the path is greater than its breadth by 2 m, what is the area of the rectangular plot? (in sq m)



50. What is the average number of candidates who qualified in the given competitive exam from states Q, S, T and U in 2004?


51. What is the respective ratio between total number of qualified candidates from state T in 2004 and 2005 together and total number of qualified students from state U in 2004 and 2005 together?


52. Combining 2004 and Z005, if 75% of the appeared candidates from state R qualified in the given competitive exam, what was the total number of appeared candidates from state R in 2004 and 2005 together?


53. Number of qualified candidates from state P increased by 15% from 2005 to 2006 and by 25% from 2006 to 2007. If the number of qualified candidates from state P in 2007 is 80% of appeared candidates from that particular state, how many candidates appeared from state P for the given competitive exam in 2007 ?


54. Number of qualified candidates from state S in 2005 is what percent less than the number of quali?ed candidates from state Q in 2005?


Directions (55-59) : |~|What will come in place of question mark (?) in the given number series?


55. 3 5 13 49 241 ?


56. 7 13 31 85 247 ?


57. 5 7 47 115 ?


58. 508 256 130 67 35.5 ?


59. 17 9 15 40 143.5 ?


60. 20 men can complete a piece of work in 16 days. After 5 days from the start of the work. some men left. If the remaining work was completed by the remaining men in 18=1/3 days, how many men left after 5 days from the start of the work ?


61. The United Nations University established in 1973 is the academic and research arm of the United Nations. It is headquartered in ....... ..


62. Shri Narendra Singh Tomar, the Union Minister for Mines and Steel is a Member of Parliament from the Indian Slate of ...........


63. PM Shri Narendra Modi has recently dedicated to the nation two units, each of 600 MW of the Shree Singaji Thermal Power Plant in ....... ..


64. The committee recently set up by the Central Government to interact with industry on tax laws to give recommendations to CBDT and CBEC for issuance of clarifications when necessary, is headed by ....... ..


65. According to the Public Enterprises Survey recently tabled in Parliament, the must profitable Public Sector Enterprise during 2013-2014 was :


66. In terms of the Motor Vehicle Agreement signed between the two countries during the recent 18th SAARC Summit at Nepal, a direct bus service has recently been launched in March 2015 between Varanasi and ....... ..


67. The 'Armed Forces Flag Day' is observed every year on the :


68. 'Vishu' is the New Year day and a Hindu festival celebrated in the Indian State of ....... ..


69. Sushil Kumar is associated with the sports of ....... ..


70. The 'Shwedagon Pagoda' also known as 'Great Dagon Pagoda' and the 'Golden Pagoda' is situated in ...... ...


71. The capilal of the Myanmar is :


72. The World's largest and tallest Indian National flag was recently unfurled in ....... ..


73. As per 2011 census, the total number of children in the age group 0-6 years was .........


74. 'G. Karthikcyan', who recently passed away at Bengaluru was the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of .........


75. In the budget for 2015-2016, the Finance Minister Shri Anun Jaitley has proposed to set up a centre for film production, animation and gaming in the State of .............


76. The film 'Ida' named as the 'Best Foreign Language Film' at the 87th Academy Awards 2015 is :


77. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, India's largest drug maker, has recently announced that it would acquire the oplates business of British drug maker Glaxo Smith Kline(GSk) in ........


78. The first woman to be appointed as a Director on the board of Reliance industries� the nation's largest private sector company is:


79. The Lok Sabha recently passed the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill 2015, that proposes to raise the foreign investment cap in the insurance sector from 26 percent to ....... ..


80. Who amongst the following has recently been elected as the new President of BCCI?


81. 880 MW Kaiga Atomic Power Plant is situated near the river kali in the Indian State of ..........


82. The currency of the 'Republic of South Africa' is ...........


83. 'Fugdi' is a traditional folk dance popular in the Indian State of :


84. The 'CNSA' is the national space agency of ..........


85. In the recent Union Budget 2015, the Union Minister of Finance has proposed to support the 'Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana' which aims to boost :


86. The RBI has recently allowed Indians to carry high value denomination notes while travelling to Nepal and Bhutan within a limit of ...........


87. Reliance infrastructure with its wholly-owned subsidiary Reliance Defence Systems Private Ltd. has recently announced the acquisition of Pipavav Defence Company Limited based in ...........


88. The abbreviation 'CSR' stands for :


89. For highlighting women's safety, the National Insurance of gender justice has recently honoured film actress .........


90. The global meet on countering Violent Extremism was recently held in ...........


91. What does the acronym PDF stand for?


92. LSI in chip technology stands for :


93. Which of the following best describes a network in which a company's data and applications are stored at offsite data centers that are accessed over the Internet?


94. Which of the following is not a binary number?


95. Micro Processor speed is measured in .........


96. ....... .. is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to computer network.


97. A hard disk drive consists of several fixed, rotating disks called ....... ..


98. Which of the following is the correct order of the four major functions of a computer?


99. What does the acronym PROM stand for ?


100. Which of the following is an electronic or paper log used to track computer activity?


101. The largest unit of storage is :


102. Which of the following devices sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers?


103. How many bytes are there in a terabyte?


104. Which is a pointing device?


105. Checking whether a program functions correctly. and then correcting errors. is known as :


106. This system conversion called ....... .. involves running the old and new systems simultaneously before converting completely to the new system.


107. Programs such as Mozilla Firefox that serve as navigable windows into web are called ..........


108. Which of the following protects the system from hackers?


109. What is Linux?


110. The cell reference for range D20 to H35 in MS Excel will be .........


111. The digital telecommunications term ISDN is an abbreviation for :


112. Verification of login name and password is known as .........


113. If you change Windows 98 operating system to Windows XP, you are performing a(n) ..........


114. While using MS Word, which key deletes text before. or to the left of the insertion point?


115. The minimum number of rows and columns in M5 W0rd document is .........


116. VoIP stands for ..........


117. Which of the following place the common data elements in order front smallest to largest?


118. Which of the following is not an output device in computer organization?


119. The process of writing computer instructions in a programming language is known as ...........


120. Which language is directly understood by the computer without translation program?


Directions (121-125): Rearrange the given six sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in a proper sequence so as to form a meaningful paragraph and then answer the given questions.

(A)The study also shows that firms also contribute a significant amount to property taxes, sales taxes, environmental taxes and so on.

(B) ln fact, a study by PwC, an accountancy firm, shows that on average companies pay more tax on labour such as employer's social security contributions, than on profits.

(C) This widely held belief is wrong.

(D) The only tax paid by businesses is the one levied on their profits.

(E) Accordingly their analysis of data shows that the average global company pays some 43.1 percent of its commercial profits in tax, of which 16.3 percentage points is labour related, 16.1 profit related and 10.7 others.

(F) But with the challenging face of business, this traditional distribution of taxation needs a second look.


121. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after the rearrangement?


122. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after the rearrangement?


123. Which of the following should be the FlFTH sentence after the rearrangement?


124. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after the rearrangement?


125. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after the rearrangement?


Directions [126-135] : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below.
Certain words/phrases have been given in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

Inland waterways, as quiet as a mouse, keep the nation's economy flowing as they transport $180 billion of coal, steel, chemicals and other goods each year across 38 states. Yet, an antiquated system of locks and dams threatens the timely delivery of those goods daily.
Locks and dams raise or lower ships from one water level to the next, but breakdown of these carriers are frequent. The outage, which began last July, and is expected to end this August, will cost the power generation company and its customers $5.5 million as the utility ferries coal and other supplies along the river for itself and other businesses.

As the economy picks up, the nation's creaking infrastructure will increasingly struggle to handle the load. That will make products more expensive as businesses pay more for shipping or maneuver around roadblocks and it will cause the nation to lose exports to other countries-both of which are expected to hamper the recovery. “The good news is, that the economy is turning,“ says Dan Murray, Vice President of the Transportation Research Institute. “The bad news is, we expect congestion to skyrocket." he added.

The ancient lock-and-dam system is perhaps the most egregious example of aging or congested transportation systems that are being outstripped by demand. Fourteen locks, out of the total twenty-eight are expected to fall by 2020, costing the economy billions of dollars. Meanwhile. seaports cannot accommodate larger container ships, slowing exports and imports highways are too narrow. Bridges are overtaxed.

The shortcomings were partly masked during the recession as fewer people worked and less freight was shipped, easing traffic on transportation corridors. But interviews with shippers and logistics companies showed that delays started lengthening along with the moderately growing economy. Yet there is little prospect for more infrastructure investment as a divided Government battles about how to cut the $1.3 trillion deficit and Slate and Local Governments face their own budget shortfalls. Government investment in highways, bridges, water systems, schools and other projects has fallen each year since 2008. lHS Global insight expects such outlays to drop by 4.4% this year and 3% in the next year. According to experts, the country is spending about half of the $2.2 trillion that it should over a five-year period to repair and expand overburdened infrastructure.


126. Which of the following is TRUE in the context of the passage and according to the author?


127. As mentioned in the passage, when the economic condition of the author's country begins to improve ....... ..


128. The author in the passage can be seen as being ..........


129. Which of the following is most nearly the opposite in meaning to the word 'SKYROCKET' as used in the passage ?


130. Which of the following correctly explains the meaning of the phrase, 'as quiet as a mouse' as used in the passage for the inland waterways ?


131. Which of the following is the central theme of the passage with respect to the author's country?


132. According to the passage, the possible unexpected benefit/s of recession is .........
(A) lowered expectation of traders. (B) people can take more credit. (C) easing traffic congestion.


133. Which of the following is most nearly the same in meaning to the word 'HAMPER' as used in the passage?


134. Which of the following is most nearly the same in meaning to the word 'FERR1ES' as used in the passage ?


135. Which of the following is most nearly the opposite in meaning to the word 'ANTlQUATED' as used in the passage.


Directions (136-140) : The sentence has two blanks. Each blank indicates that something has been omitted. Choose the words that best fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole.
136. ....... .. too much planning can hamper development we do need to plan our cities ......... balancing environmental costs and public demand.


137. Owing to the slowdown in growth, real estate developers have ......... different strategies from cutting their debts and repaying banks to ......... new projects.


138. Though women currently ............ for 11 percent of mid to senior level management in Japan, they comprise only 1 percent of executive committee members, but these figures are gradually .................


139. At present mutual funds provide ......... information to customers but if more data is provided customers will perhaps be able to make ......... decisions.


140. The working group ......... that the priority sector lending target for all banks ......... foreign banks should be 40 percent of Adjusted Net Bank Credit.


Directions (141-145) : In these questions, read the sentence to find out if there is any grammatical mistake/error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. Mark the part with the error as your answer. If there is no error, mark 'No error' as your answer. (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.)
141. As part of its efforts/ to strengthening its balance sheet/ the banks plans to raise/ over $.15,000 million through a share sale.


142. The company will delay/ announcing its fourth quarter results/ in order to fine tune a strategy/ to revive itself fortunes.


143. Some experts have been Suggested that/ mechanising farms and reforming/ land leasing are the steps which have/ to be taken to increase agricultural productivity.


144. It is usually during significant events/ such as the collapse of a country's currency/ or the sudden hike to inflation that/ the central bank will reduce policy rates.


145. It is estimated that the government requires/ two trillion rupees over the next few year/ to fund the construction of 20,000 kilometres of road/ under the national highways development project.


Directions (146-150) : Which of the phrases given against the sentence should replace the word/phrase given in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correction is required, select 'No correction required' as the answer.
146. In a breakthrough in post-harvest preservation, researchers have developed an emulsion that provides an eco-friendly shield to perishable fruits and vegetables.


147. Strength of the upper, middle and lower back is integral to one's health.


148. Karnataka is homing to students from various countries, but in the absence of a uniform admission process, these students find it tough to switch courses or shift colleges.


149. The eco-friendly packaging not increased shelf life of products by delaying the ageing process, but also increases nutrition.


150. While early mornings and late evenings are still a little chilly, it is quite warm throughout all day.


Directions (151-160) : In the following passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

No one wants to admit that they could die prematurely. But the last thing you want is not to have the proper life insurance policy, in place should disaster ...(151)....  While life insurance agents aim to guide you towards whole life insurance ...(152]... term life insurance (whole means more commission for them), term makes more ...[153)... for most people. Term coverage is the appropriate coverage for most individuals. as their ...(154)... are for a certain term of years while their assets accumulate, such as retirement ...[155)....  People ...(156... with their finances in today's downtrodden economy may think they can ...(157)... money by skimping on life insurance. But for parents who still have children living at home, not having a life insurance policy could put their kids at ...(158)... if something were to happen to them. In the event of the parents dying, a life insurance policy can provide a safety ...(159)... for the children to live ...(160).... 


151. Pick up the correct match in the above paragraph for __151__ from the below options.


152. Pick up the correct match in the above paragraph for __152__ from the below options.


153. Pick up the correct match in the above paragraph for __153__ from the below options.


154. Pick up the correct match in the above paragraph for __154__ from the below options.


155. Pick up the correct match in the above paragraph for __155__ from the below options.


156. Pick up the correct match in the above paragraph for __156__ from the below options.


157. Pick up the correct match in the above paragraph for __157__ from the below options.


158. Pick up the correct match in the above paragraph for __158__ from the below options.


159. Pick up the correct match in the above paragraph for __159__ from the below options.


160. Pick up the correct match in the above paragraph for __160__ from the below options.